Essay on Sigmund Freud on Human Nature - 1381 Words

Sigmund Freud, a noteworthy trailblazer of modern-day philosophy, developed a deterministic view on human nature based on instinct and personality. Unlike other theories, Freud considers us not as humans, but animals with inborn biological drives: a complex species with primitive urges. These urges, he says, are only kept under control by the pressures between peers and the repression of society. Though the word â€Å"instinct† can relate to a wide range of impulses, Freud narrowed it down to four main drives: Self-preservation, aggression, the need for love, and the impulse to attain pleasure and avoid pain. These topics along with the model of the psyche embedded within the principles of pleasure and civilization form the most†¦show more content†¦Passions, on the other hand, are a bit more complicated. In simple terms, men are so entirely governed by instinctual wishes that they often overlook their sense of reason. This claim is exemplified in the phrase â⠂¬Å"love is blind.† When two lovers are so encompassed by their relationship it is not uncommon for one of the two to make a few questionable decisions. Arguments of reason then relate to the idea of intellect. The voice of intellect is soft, but persistent which in turn provides optimism for the future of mankind. This optimism, however, dwindles in the fact that men have gained control and power over nature, granting them the ability to exterminate one another if they chose to. The awareness of this power results in unrest, unhappiness, and anxiety. Subsequently, this leads to Freud’s idea of Defense mechanisms and the Ego which will be discussed further along in this essay. In general, Freud claims that civilization has its own influence on human nature, providing guidelines to follow and morals standards to maintain. In addition to civilization, Freud expands his view of human nature according to pleasure. According to the â€Å"Beyond the Pleasure Principle,† hunger and love regulate the world. Though the original thought was taken from Schiller, Freud applies it to the core instincts he believes to sum up human nature. Hunger represents the instincts which aim at preservation of the self while love strives after objects and preservation of theShow MoreRelatedCarl Gustav and Sigmund Freud on Human Nature and Existencial Theory926 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Nature: Though Carl Gustav Jung was a colleague, friend, and the presumed successor of Sigmund Freud, their views on human nature drifted further and further apart as Jung grew intellectually. While they were both psychoanalysts, in the end their views on human nature were practically antithetical. Freud viewed human nature deterministically, and postulated that human motivation was grounded in unconscious biological urges for sexual satiation. 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Fraud, Abuse, and Waste in the U.S. Healthcare System free essay sample

It is estimated that the United States spends between 15 and 25 billion dollars annually because of fraud, waste, and abuse (fwa). This paper will examine the types of fwa, the involvement of the federal government in prevention, the roles of healthcare organizations and employees, and the protection for whistle-blowers and consequences for those involved in fwa. FWA (fraud, abuse, and waste) can be described as the intentional deception to get an unauthorized or unwarranted benefit. A pharmacist that charges both the patient and the insurance company for a prescription is classified as fraud. A physician that prescribes unneeded tests for a patient to generate additional revenue is an example of waste. A pharmacist the receives a â€Å"brand necessary† prescription and enters the brand in the computer, charges the insurance company for the brand, but gives the patient a cheaper generic is an example of abuse. Many deceptive actions classify into more than one of these categories and for this reason they have been merged into one category as fraud, waste, and abuse by the government. We will write a custom essay sample on Fraud, Abuse, and Waste in the U.S. Healthcare System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In recent years the government has allocated more federal funds to combat the increase in fwa. Federal and state laws have been enacted to block the proliferation of abuse and increase the penalties associated with such violations. The government has also increased the number of audits performed on providers and as well as the number of auditors in has to perform these checks. The government has also increased the number of regulators and government personnel that oversee these activities that have larger percentages of fwa. Funding has also been provided for anti-fraud programs to educate all levels of the general population. CMS, which is the government agency that oversees Medicare, published a 70 page document on fwa requirements and recommendations in 2006. In 2009 Medicare formed the Healthcare Fraud Prevention and Enforcement Action Team (HEAT) which is a special active taskforce that focuses on fraud in Medicare programs. Collectively the Federal and State authorities that enforce fwa include the Office of the Inspector General of US Department of Health and Human Services, US Department of Justice, CMS, and the States’ attorney general. Combined, these government agencies work together to reduced fwa in the US healthcare system. Examining what these government agencies look for with be discussed next. False claims are the largest of all government healthcare fraud. These could be claims submitted for patients that were never seen, claims submitted for procedures never performed, or claims submitted for procedures that were not necessary. The intent to defraud the government is not necessary if the actions are the results of reckless disregard of gross negligence. Even if intensions are good, the US government will prosecute false claims that are submitted. Prescriptions that have been forged, altered, or purchased also fall under the category of fwa. Practices such as â€Å"shorting† or partially filling prescriptions but charging the full price with no arrangement for delivery of the remainder of the prescription as another example of fwa. Double billing both the patient and the insurance company for prescriptions is another example. Improperly keeping an overpayment from a government or private payer also classifies as fwa. Now that there have been many examples cited, a clear definition of fwa exists, and the government agencies that oversee fwa have been reviewed, we will examine prosecutions and protections. Heavy fines, exclusions from participation, and criminal prosecution can be the consequences for those who violate the laws surrounding fwa for healthcare. Over 1500 entities were excluded from participating in federal healthcare programs last year because of their involvement with fwa. The government has also instituted to protect those who report fwa from repercussions from other institutions or individuals. The False Claims Act protects company whistleblowers by protecting their current job, forbidding the alleged company from acts of demotion, suspension, or harassment to the employee. Potential remedies against retaliation include job reinstatement with double back pay and other special damages. Law suits called â€Å"Qui tam† where a company employee or private citizen sues the company on behalf of the Federal Government for fwa violations. The employee of private citizen may be rewarded with as much at 30 percent of the amount discovered to be owed to the government based on the circumstances of the case. Several states have their own false claims acts. The deficit reduction act encourages states to create their own act by giving the states a larger share of recoveries from Medicaid providers. Federal kickback laws have been enacted to discourage and penalize those that knowingly and willfully offer, pay, solicit, or receive any profit from the referral of patients or prescriptions covered by healthcare programs. Violations are subject to imprisonment, high fines, exclusions from government benefits, costly civil penalties, and possible prosecution under state laws. Let’s look at a final piece of discouraging fwa with the education and awareness of those that work in the medical fields. Companies have proactively established positions, departments, and company wide education to reduce the amount of fwa in their company because the penalties for violations are so high. In other words, it is cheaper for them to change the culture of there company and create awareness, than to face the consequences, legal fees, and fines associated with violation. Companies have developed â€Å"codes of ethics† to give their employees the tools to determine right from wrong. Programs explain the duties of an employee and the consequences for non-compliance. The programs even include volunteers, board members and directors, as well as all the providers’ regular employees. Many organizations have created a compliance officer, or depending on the size of the company, and entire compliance department. The compliance officer enforces the code of ethics, reports compliance incidents to agencies, develops compliance training, develops and maintains a compliance reporting system, follows up on all internal reports of fraud and abuse, performs internal operational audits, and performs billing audits. Many companies have seen a dramatic decrease in fwa since implementing a compliance strategy inside their organization, which pays for its existence by decreasing legal fees, fines, and penalties the company would have otherwise incurred. A balancing act must constantly be maintained between the administrative cost associated with the prosecution and oversight of fwa and amount fwa that exists. After all spending 30 billion dollars to control and eliminate fwa when there is only 15-25 billion to be saved just does not make sense. Some people will always be dishonest, but making it harder and the penalties greater, may decrease the frequency of fwa in the healthcare industry.

The Nuremberg Trials Essays (2078 words) - Nazism,

The Nuremberg Trials The Nuremberg Trials The Nuremberg trial was built up to be the trial of the century. In the words of Norman Birkett, who served as a British alternate judge: it was the greatest trial in history . The four most intriguing characters of this trial were of vast contradiction to each other; there was Herman Georing the relentless leader, Joachim von Ribbentrop the guilty and indecisive follower of Hitler, Hjalmar Schacth the arrogant financial wizard of the Rich and Albert Speer the remorseful head of armament and munitions. Three of the four allies wanted the Nazi leaders to be executed without a trial Winston Churchill said, They should be rounded up and shot like dogs but the Americans persuaded the other allies that a trial would be most beneficial from a public relations standpoint, so now with the allies agreed the stage for Nuremberg was set. The four most fascinating leaders of the Nazi party that were put on trial were Georing, von Ribbentrop, Schacth and Speer, not so much individually but together. Georing was presumably the most famous and high ranking of all the defendants tried at Nuremberg. He had joined the Nazi party in 1922 and ascended to the post of president of the Reichstag in essence Hitlers number two man. He like many of the others tried was very intelligent, but seemed to be much too aware of it. He defend himself and Hitler vigorously saying the victor will always be the judge and the vanquished the accused. Von Ribbentrop was the German foreign minister in theory, but in reality he was just a messenger of Hitlers will with no real power. He was said by all Nazi leaders to be very week and indecisive to the point of asking prison barbers and guards for advice for his defense. The once powerful man who made foreign policy decisions that cost millions there lives could not even decide if he felt remorse or if he was correct in his actions. Schacth the German in charge of finances and the Reichsbank considered himself to be innocent in the absolute. He stated that he did help rearm Germany but that was hardly a crime because the allied military inspectors watched as we broke the treaty of Versailles. He said his proof of being innocent was that he served time in a German concentration camp for disagreeing with Hitler. The most repentant of all the Nazi higher ups was Albert Speer. He wanted to take responsibility for actions, and wanted the others to do the same. Speer was in charge of munitions and armament. The defendants all pleading not guilty, they were now left with the task of waiting for there fate. With the defendants all in custody the next step of the trial would be for the allies to organize their prosecution and manufacture the charges agents the defendants. The allies indicted the Nazis under four counts with each allied country dealing with one count. Committee (1) Conspiracy to commit crimes alleged in other counts (United States) Committee (2) Crimes agents peace (England) Committee (3) War Crimes (France) Committee (4) Crimes agents humanity (Russia) The United States alleged that the Nazi party as a whole committed conspiracy to start an aggressive war, to commit crimes agents humanity (slave labor and the stealing of resources) and to cleanse the world of various ethnic groups. After the Nazi party acquired governmental control over Germany they conspired to:(a compressed version of the indictment as a whole by all four countries) Conspiracy to Commit Crimes Agents the peace -Re-arm and reoccupy the Rhineland in violation of the treaty of Versailles (World War II surrender terms, limitations on Army, Air Force and Navy) -On 5/21/1935 the Germans falsely announced to the world that they would fallow the Versailles and Locarno Pacts (Territorial and weapons treaty) -Aggressive action agents Austria and Czechoslovakia. -As of 1937 plans were made for the conquest of Austria and Czechoslovakia contrary to what Hitler said Germany neither intends, nor wishes to interfere in the internal affairs of Austria -The planning to start war with Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Yugoslavia, Greece, England and Russia. Conspiracy to Commit War Crimes and Crimes Agents Humanity. -The Nazi party conspired to commit ethnic cleansing. -The Nazi

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s essays

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s essays The Black Civil Rights movement in the 1950's and 60's was a political, legal and social struggle of the black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The black struggle for Civil Rights was very hard. No group in America has or has had more difficulty assimilating into the American Culture. Segregation was started by white American southerners to separate everything between the blacks and the whites. It was also known as the "Jim Crow" system and became common to the southern. Everything possible was separated between the blacks and the whites; schools, toilet, transportation, restaurants were all separated, the blacks were poorly funded compared to the whites (Branch 72). The black people tried to fight discrimination against them whenever possible. The most significant one during the early 50's was the Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama led by Martin Luther King. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was told to give up her seat on a city bus to a white person (Hampton 13). When she refuses, she was arrested which caused protest by the black community. Martin Luther King at that time was president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, which organized the protest. These activities included marches, demonstrations, and boycotts. The violent white response to black direct action eventually forced the federal government to confront the issues of injustice and racism in the South. It made him a national figure for fighting the rights of the Black Americans. Civil rights proved to be the crucial test of the l960s. Leadership came from black political and religious organizations such as the Congress on Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Council Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and other forms of nonviolent protest became the weapons to fight segregation. Over 200,000 men and women joined a freedom march all over America to Was...

Strategic Management and Contemporary Level Of Competition Essay

Strategic Management and Contemporary Level Of Competition - Essay Example There are different segments of environments in which an organization operates; these include external environments like the economic, political, social, cultural, technological, global, and demographic environments. All these segments of the environment influence the pattern of conducting business in an industry. According to Brown & Eisenhardt (1998:3), "strategy is about two things: deciding where you want your business to go and figuring out how to get there". Strategic management pattern of every organization may differ from what is obtainable in another; while there may be areas of similarity, certain aspects are uniquely structured out to suit the operation of the organization in concern. The ability of an organization to successfully compete depends on how unique its strategy is. In this view Peter (2005:5), argues, "Strategic competitiveness is achieved when a firm successfully formulates and implements a value-creating strategy. When a firm implements such a strategy that o ther companies are unable to duplicate or find too costly to imitate, this firm gas a sustained, or sustainable, competitive advantage". ... try the question that decision makers for organization have to tackle is what to do What to do on how to carry out the organization operations When should it be done In order for an organization to gain competitive advantage over its rivals, it tends to come out and adopt a strategy that is different from what its competitors are familiar. This essay would compare and contrastthe sources of competitive advantage in the Aero-engine and thegrocery retail markets. Examples of organizations operating in these industries would be utilized in analyzing the subject matter. GAINING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN A DYNAMIC INDUSTRY Through an effective strategic management, an organization can adequately cease the opportunities abounding in the industry where it operates. It will utilize its resources most adequately in meeting the changes and challenges in the industry. Looking at the external environment, how it influences the operation of an organization, the ability of an organization to capture untapped opportunities within the industry it operates this will go to put it ahead of its rivals and give it competitive advantage. Opportunities abound for firms operating in an industry, it is only through effective strategic management framework put in place by an organization, and its ability to be innovatively different from its rivals that it would seize these opportunities, before another close rival discover it. This brings us to the issue of strategic competitiveness. According to Peter (2005:5), "strategic competitiveness is achieved when a firm successfully formulates and implements a value-creating stra tegy. When a firm implements such a strategy that other companies are unable toduplicate or find too costly to imitate, this firm has a sustained, or sustainable, competitive

Health promotion teaching plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health promotion teaching plan - Term Paper Example These may include; Several jobs demand customary contact with other clients at work. Poor or uncooperative relationships with workmates and supervisors can be an impending source of strain. In addition, stress can occur if a person feels isolated or unjustly treated. Poor job relationships can be a consequence of (Blais & Hayes, 2011): Methods and materials applied in teaching border are capturing essential statistics that aim in noting the magnitude of their impact in the society. Materials, mainly questionnaire, pens and books are relevant in this case. Magnitudes of the stress levels are notable in the eventual cases such as physical, work-related and emotional symptoms. The labeling and consideration of the above noted symptoms validate the noting of the range of the symptoms considerable. Ritualistically, numerous or more than one symptom is notably acknowledgeable before a nurse is considered to have a compassion fatigue. Teaching session takes into account the effectiveness desirable for eventual success measuring of the teaching plan. In the process, the teacher is expected to be realistic since he or she is considered the best judge of his or her activities in the entire process. Noting of the expected is definitely insurmountable in the process. With tasks on how to derive and portray the impacts of the plan critical measures on indicating how the measures cropped up is highly relevant in assuming the eventual results of the model (Blais & Hayes, 2011). With the application of the phone, post test and surveys, extensive data is well achieved in realization of each objective

The affect of the Mexican Revolution Essay Example for Free

The affect of the Mexican Revolution Essay Francisco Bollain y Goitia Garcia (1882-1960) is a prominent Mexican artists of the XX century, who has been almost forgotten for decades and is now rediscovered. His works are rather complicated for perception and they can hardly be called pleasant, for Goitia concentrated on the most homely aspects of the world around him, demonstrating the fatality of revolution and violent changes in the most shocking way. This paper is to investigate two of his famous paintings – Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men I and Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men II. The paper is to demonstrate the style and manner of painting, as well as compare those pictures with works of other Mexican painters of the time such as Jose Clemente Orozco and Victor Augustin Cassasola. Some biographical data about Goitia is necessary to understand his works, so the paper shall open with a short biographic reference about the artist. Francisco Goitia was born in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. Being a talented artist since his early years he studied in the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City and than in Barcelona with the Spanish artist Francisco Gali. Upon return to his home country in 1912 he has found it being wasted by the revolution. Having occupied the position of official painter for General Angel of Pancho Villas army he had an ability to observe war and it’s consequences with his own eyes. The experience influenced Goitia’s works greatly and his paintings are now examples of uncovered brutality and dread. There were even claims that Goitia ordered to exhume executed soldiers and hang them on cactuses as models for his pictures so it is hard to say how much in his paintings comes from real facts and how much from artificial staging of his morbid fantasies. Goitia has never worked with monumental forms so characteristic for Mexican art of the time. His canvases remained inside realism, impressionism and to a great extent symbolism, so he never became so popular as Diego Rivera or Jose Orozco. His last years passed in self-imposed poverty, but still he was quite a famous painter inside Mexico since early 20-s. In recent years his works became of interest for scholars outside Mexico as well. Both landscapes of Zacatecas (I and II) were painted most probably in 1914, although the exact date is unknown. They are both variations about the same topic: a bleak depressive landscape with half-dissolved corpses of hanged men on the trees. Both pictures were drawn from nature. Goitia knew this terrain well since he himself was born in Zacatecas, so he takes almost an intimate and affected position towards the scene. The landscape is typical for northern Mexico – it includes grey and yellow desert land with hills on the horizon and yuccas growing everywhere. The men hanged on the trees seem to their parts – so â€Å"naturally† they are tied to the branches. Most of the researchers point biblical analogies in the first painting for the landscape is so bleak that it reminds Golgotha. The analogy becomes even stronger for Goitia called his series of paintings about revolution â€Å"martyrdoms†. Goitia has been in the army of Pancho Villa in 1914 when he has captured the capital city of Zacatecas. Being both fascinated and frightened by that what he has seen he started feeling that his mission was to record the epic events of the revolution for history. As he himself put it â€Å"I went everywhere with the army, observing. I did not carry any weapons because I knew that the mission of killing was not mine† . Among the things Goitia has witnessed was death of general Lazaro Gomez, who has been repulsing enemy attacks auntill he ran out of ammunition and shot to his back after being taken prisoner. The body of the general has been beheaded and hanged on a tree with his head replaced with the head of a steer. It is believed that exactly death of Gomez inspired Goitia to paint his Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men I, although he used bodies of simple soldiers as â€Å"models†. So the first variant of the painting can really be considered a record of actual events, although Goitia did not concentrate on the death of a particular man, but aimed to show the series of deaths in Zacatecas. The most obvious difference between two variants of paintings is the manner in which they are drawn and involvement of the spectator. Zacatecas I still looks like a â€Å"real† classical painting with obvious elements attributable to artistic form including shape, symmetry, movement and rhythm. The background plays an active role in the picture and the bodies of the hanged look simply like the bodies of the hanged. They are horrible and shocking, but at least â€Å"natural†. Perhaps Goitia was not satisfied with the artistic effect of the first painting, so in the second variant he made it more impressive and less realistic . This was necessary to strike the audience in the necessary way. In the second painting two dead bodies are absolute centre of the compositions, and their empty eyeholes are pointed directly ad the spectator, as if they were looking at him. The position of the bodies creates an impression of surrealistic â€Å"gates† to the dreadful reality of death and grief. Death and it’s triumph are key points of the picture. The first variant is painted with oil on canvas and the second one looks more like a touchy pencil drawing, which has later been colored. To make his second painting even more symbolic Goitia replaced usual terrain of Zacatecas with surrealistic vision of deadly symbolism. In Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men II the trees seem to come out from gothic descriptions of Poe as they are gnarled and lifeless being painted with pale cold colors. Skulls of animals on the ground once more stress that death is a true master of the stage. The only living creatures on the second painting are owls – traditional symbols of night and forerunners of death. They create a ghostly atmosphere of the scene. Bodies are waved to different sides paralleling the braches they hang on, so they seem to be blown by different winds. White sun in the grey skies creates an image of omen. The general impression from the first picture is that Goitia painted that what he has seen and the second picture is undoubtedly a manifesto of his views, in which he tried to impress the observers by shocking view of horrifying images. As it has been already mentioned, the paintings belong to Goitia’s revolutionary period when he worked as a painter of Mexican federal army. The revolution in Mexico lasted from 1910 till 1917. Some scholars believe that Cristero rebellion of 1926-1929 was also a part of the revolution, so revolutionary events lasted in Mexico for almost two decades. Goitia’s paintings are images of that what virtually every Mexican of the time has once experienced, and this is perhaps the main reason why Goitia is so popular in Mexico and less famous outside its borders. It is hard to say for sure whether Goitia was an active supporter of the revolution or just followed the army as a chronicler. His later memoirs seem to support the second point of view – Goitia remained an artist but not a revolutionary throughout his travels after the army. The manner of paintings and their impression also correspond to the version. He has never painted any picture in which he would admire revolution, but both paintings seem rather to blame its barbarity. The manner of Goitia’s painting reminds the most famous apocalyptic pictures such as Triumph of Death by Peter Breugel, descriptions of war by Goya or Picasso’s Guernica. Most of the revolutionary painters glorify its triumphs and view it as a way to the new world. Goitia has chosen to demonstrate the horrifying â€Å"side effects† of progressive social upheavals. This was enough for him to be considered one of the sharpest critics of revolution in art. He explained that: â€Å"You see that it is natural that circumstances have made my temperament more inclined to the profound. There is a great deal of sadness in this country and I have tried to sum a certain phase of it† . Such Goitia’s insights are rather unusual for Mexico of the time, where revolution became almost a national idea, reflected in numerous artworks. This includes frescos by Diego Rivera or monumental modernist paintings of Jose Clemente Orozco. Mexican artists of the time shared different views of the revolution but there was one common thing for all of them – for them revolution was a magnificent event, a high tide of spirit and will, but in no way a vision of death and destruction. For example Diego Rivera was an incandescent Trotskyist, absolutizing the idea of global revolution and idealizing Trotsky as its dramatic leader. Orozco is a more complicated case for he was interested more in changes that revolution would cause in human minds and in the society. Still his art stands closer to the supporters of revolution as he used expressive modernist techniques being a revolutionary artist by his mere nature. And another common point of Rivera and Orozco is that they both are working with â€Å"objective reality† using artistic means to make the spectator impressed by this reality . In contrast, Goitia’s paintings are full of his own attitudes and they allow the spectator to make his. Revolutionary artists provided only one view, Goitia allowed the audience to chose. Although it is hard to find a â€Å"colleague† for Goitia between painters, such â€Å"colleague† still existed among photographers. Augustin Casasola in fact worked for the newspapers, but he would remain a usual reporter in case his pictures were not full of artistic sense, making them close to Goitia’s graphic works. As the revolution spread along Mexico Casasola established his own agency to provide home and foreign press with photographs of the event. Working as an independent photographer he was able to use his talent in full. he concentrated on all aspects of the revolution showing both victories and, like Goitia, the unattractive sides. He has also gathered a large collection of images of revolutionary individuals – from officers to peasants in their surroundings. Like Goitia his manner has been characterized by psychological dramatics and involvement of the spectator to the picture . Warlike and revolutionary art is always popular because there are always lots of people who are ready to admire the triumph of spirit and epic deeds. Less popular is art that shows the another side of war and revolution – death and destruction. To show this side the painter needs to be much more talented and avoid being just a thrilling entertainment. For this reason only a few painters became great after painting atrocities of war. Goitia is perhaps not so famous as Goya, but his works are deeply original.For this reason he is now being rediscovered and investigated by art historians worldwide. Works Cited: 1. Dore Ashton. (1999) Mexican Art of the Twentieth Century. In The 20th Century Art Book. ed. by Editors of Phaidon Press 2. Jacqueline Barnitz (2001) Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America University of Texas Press 3. Latin American Painting available at: http://www. chicagomanualofstyle. org/tools_citationguide. html (last accessed: November 19, 2007) 4. Viva Casasola! http://emiliobrizzi. blogspot. com/2007/03/viva-casasola. html (last accessed: November 19, 2007)